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16 reductions can be achieved, depending on the newer engine and the vehicle or machine’s ability to accept a more modern engine and emission control system. It should be noted, however, that newer engines or higher tier engines are not necessarily cleaner engines, so it is important that the Project Applicant check the actual emission standard level of the current (existing) and new engines to ensure the repower product is reducing emissions for DPM.34 • Replacement of older equipment with equipment meeting the latest emission standards. Engine replacement can include substituting a cleaner highway engine for a nonroad engine. Diesel equipment may also be replaced with other technologies or fuels. Examples include hybrid switcher locomotives, electric cranes, LNG, CNG, LPG or propane yard tractors, forklifts or loaders. Replacements using natural gas may require changes to fueling infrastructure.35 Replacements often require some re-engineering work due to differences in size and configuration. Typically, there are benefits in fuel efficiency, reliability, warranty, and maintenance costs.36 Install Retrofit Devices on Existing Construction Equipment PM emissions from alternatively-fueled construction equipment can be further reduced by installing retrofit devices on existing and/or new equipment. The most common retrofit technologies are retrofit devices for engine exhaust after-treatment. These devices are installed in the exhaust system to reduce emissions and should not impact engine or vehicle operation. 37 It should be noted that actual emissions reductions and costs will depend on specific manufacturers, technologies and applications. Use Electric and Hybrid Construction Equipment CAPCOA’s Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures38 report also proposes the use of electric and/or hybrid construction equipment as a way to mitigate DPM emissions. When construction equipment is powered by grid electricity rather than fossil fuel, direct emissions from fuel combustion are replaced with indirect emissions associated with the electricity used to power the equipment. Furthermore, when construction equipment is powered by hybrid-electric drives, emissions from fuel combustion are also greatly reduced. Electric construction equipment is available commercially from companies such as Peterson Pacific Corporation,39 which specialize in the mechanical processing equipment like grinders and shredders. Construction equipment powered by hybrid-electric drives is also commercially available from companies such as Caterpillar.40 For example, Caterpillar reports that 34 Diesel Emissions Reduction Program (DERA): Technologies, Fleets and Projects Information, available at:http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/420p11001.pdf 35 Alternative Fuel Conversion, EPA, available at: https://www3.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/fuels/altfuels/altfuels.htm#fact 36 Cleaner Fuels, EPA, available at:https://www.epa.gov/verified-diesel-tech/learn-about-verified-technologies- clean-diesel#cleaner 37 Retrofit Technologies, EPA, available at:https://www.epa.gov/verified-diesel-tech/learn-about-verified- technologies-clean-diesel#retrofit 38http://www.capcoa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/CAPCOA-Quantification-Report-9-14-Final.pdf 39 Peterson Electric Grinders Brochure, available at:http://www.petersoncorp.com/wp- content/uploads/peterson_electric_grinders1.pdf 40 Electric Power Products, available at:http://www.cat.com/en_US/products/new/power-systems/electric-power- generation.html