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deeming these products to be subject to FDA regulation,31 may depend on the availability of resources for universal annual compliance checks and enforcement targeted to both traditional and alternative tobacco product vendors. Continued monitoring is needed to assess the impact on the effectiveness of TRL policy within the rapidly evolving tobacco product patterns of use, new national regulation, and poorly regulated Internet sales. ACKNOWLEDGMENT April Roeseler provided useful comments on the development of the article. ABBREVIATIONS ALA: American Lung Association Cl: confidence interval e-cigarette: electronic cigarette FDA: US Food and Drug Administration OR: odds ratio TRL: tobacco retail licensing FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. FUNDING: Supported by grant P50CA180905 from the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the US Food and Drug Administration Center for Tobacco Products and by grant IR21HD084812-01 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development at the NIH. No fund ers had any role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the N I H or the US Food and Drug Administration. Funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose. REFERENCES 1. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). State laws restricting minors' access to tobacco. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1990;39 (21):349-353 2. 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