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Cabrillo at First Mixed-Use Residential Air Quality, Global Climate Change, HRA, and Energy Impact Analysis 85 19386 Transportation Energy Resources The project would attract additional vehicle trips with resulting consumption of energy resources, predominantly gasoline and diesel fuel. Gasoline (and other vehicle fuels) are commercially provided commodities and would be available to the project patrons and employees via commercial outlets. The most recent data available shows the transportation sector emits 40 percent of the total greenhouse gases in the state and about 84 percent of smog-forming oxides of nitrogen (NOx).31,32 About 28 percent of total United States energy consumption in 2019 was for transporting people and goods from one place to another. In 2019, petroleum comprised about 91 percent of all transportation energy use, excluding fuel consumed for aviation and most marine vessels.33 In 2020, about 123.49 billion gallons (or about 2.94 billion barrels) of finished motor gasoline were consumed in the United States, an average of about 337 million gallons (or about 8.03 million barrels) per day.34 REGULATORY BACKGROUND Federal and state agencies regulate energy use and consumption through various means and programs. On the federal level, the United States Department of Transportation, the United States Department of Energy, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency are three federal agencies with substantial influence over energy policies and programs. On the state level, the PUC and the California Energy Commissions (CEC) are two agencies with authority over different aspects of energy. Relevant federal and state energy‐related laws and plans are summarized below. Federal Regulations Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards First established by the U.S. Congress in 1975, the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards reduce energy consumption by increasing the fuel economy of cars and light trucks. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) jointly administer the CAFE standards. The U.S. Congress has specified that CAFE standards must be set at the “maximum feasible level” with consideration given for: (1) technological feasibility; (2) economic practicality; (3) effect of other standards on fuel economy; and (4) need for the nation to conserve energy.35 Issued by NHTSA and EPA in March 2020 (published on April 30, 2020 and effective after June 29, 2020), the Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient Vehicles Rule would maintain the CAFE and CO2 standards applicable in model year 2020 for model years 2021 through 2026. The estimated CAFE and CO2 standards for model year 2020 are 43.7 mpg and 204 grams of CO2 per mile for passenger cars and 31.3 mpg and 284 grams of CO2 per mile for light trucks, projecting an overall industry average of 37 mpg, as compared to 46.7 mpg under the standards issued in 2012.36 31 CARB. California Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory – 2020 Edition. https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/data.htm 32 CARB. 2016 SIP Emission Projection Data. https://www.arb.ca.gov/app/emsinv/2017/emseic1_query.php?F_DIV=- 4&F_YR=2012&F_SEASON=A&SP=SIP105ADJ&F_AREA=CA 33 US Energy Information Administration. Use of Energy in the United States Explained: Energy Use for Transportation. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/?page=us_energy_transportation 34 https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=23&t=10 35 https://www.nhtsa.gov/lawsregulations/corporate-average-fuel-economy. 36 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2018. Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 165 / Friday, August 24, 2018 / Proposed Rules, The Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles Rule for Model Years 2021–2026 Passenger Cars and Light Trucks 2018. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and- engines/safer-affordable-fuel-efficient-safe-vehicles-final-rule. 856/27/2022 Planning Commission 2 –138