75A - PH-HOOKAH PARLORS - Laserfiche WebLink

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TABLE A Chemicals found in hookah smoke versus cigarette smoke Adapted from Shihadeh and Saleh" Chamieal Yield from ; Yield from 1 gm hookah cigarette smoke, tobacco 1 gm tobacco Multiple of average cigarette smoke value Combustion chemistries involved in the produc- . tion of mainstream cigarette smoke and main- stream hookah smoke differ due to widely differ- old bustion. These include carbon monoxide (CO), d metals like arsenic, nickel, cobalt, chromium, d Lebanon." Shihadeh and Saleh carried out strin- d of hookah smoke. They found that hookah smoke ent combustion temperatures and the dry or humid characteristics of tobacco. In both cases, plant-derived organic matter undergoes pyrolysis or volatilization, producing addictive nicotine as well as a number of the same toxicants from com- "tar," and myriad carcinogenic polycyclic aromat- ic hydrocarbons (PAH). Also, hookah smoke con- twins significantly higher quantities of toxic heavy lead,'° and cadmium12, as compared with cigarette smoke." These facts about hookah smoke are a d "screarniiig warning" that hookah srrioking is harmful. In a carefully designed recent study, researchers Shihadeh and Saleh used a smoking machine that d replicated the puffmg mechanics derived from precise measurements of 52 hookah smokers in gently controlled quantitative chemical analyses produced nearly two orders of magnitude greater amount of "tar" from a single smoking session than that produced from a single cigarette. Simply put, hookah smoke produces nearly 100 times more "tai" than cigarette smoke, for each gram of the respective tobaccos. Table A shows that hookah smoke contains several-fold greater quantities of harmful chemicals thus far studied than found in cigarette smoke. In light of these recent chemical data on selected con- stituents of hookah smoke as compared with those of mainstream cigarette smoke, hookah smoke of various fruity flavors, tastes, and aromas may be even more harmful than disease-causing cigarette tobacco smoke. _.__ t --__ _. -- - i i "Tar," mg 802 ~ Range:l-27 ' 100-f Average:11.2 + F Nicotine, mg 2.9fi j Range: 0.1-2 4-fol i - Average: 0.77 ~ Carbon monoxide ~ _ 143 - •- ~ Range: 1-22 ~ -- 11-fol CO,mg ' Average: 12.6 PAH C - __-__ Phenanthrene, Ng ! 0.748 ! 0.2-0.4 2.5-fol (co-carcinogen) lI Fluranthracene, pg 0.221 3 ~ 0.009-0.099 4-fol (co-carcinogen) Chrysene, Ng 0.112 ~ 0.004-0.041 5-fol (tumor initiator) -) 1_ I honey in Arabic~is a moist, paste-like mixture of about 30% crude, cut tobacco, fermented with approximately 70% honey, molasses, and pulp of different fruits to cre- ate the fruity flavor and aroma of the smoke when sub- jected to slow combustion with burning charcoal. The combustion processes that produce cigarette smoke and hookah smoke are very different. Mainstream cigarette smoke is produced at 900°C. Hookah smoke is produced at nearly half that temperature at 450°C. Hookah smoke bubbles through water at the base reservoir. During a smoking session, more glowing charcoal is added to the partially consumed hookah tobacco once the original charcoal in the bowl is used up. As the hookah smoking session progresses, the reservoir water becomes increas- ingly brown in color on account of "tar," dissolved chem- icals, and other particulates in the hookah tobacco aerosol. The chemical waste-laden water is discarded and the hookah reservoir is then replenished with fresh water for the next smoking session. ~~~hai is in hookah smokc° During the last 40 years of research, nearly 4,800 chemi- cal compounds have been identified in cigarette smoke, including 69 carcinogens.b )n contrast, only five studies have been published in English on the chemical comp- osition of hookah smoke, and those focused on only a rel- atively small number of chemical compounds.'" ~~~ho says hookah smoking; isn't addictivc° Hookah smoking is an efficient nicotine delivery system. After a 45-minute hookah smoking session, the concen- trations of nicotine and its longer-lived metabolic prod- uct, cotinine, become significantly elevated in saliva, plasma, and urine.'° Comparison of urinary levels of coti- nine between hookah smokers and cigarette smokers sug- gests that in a single hookah smoking session using 20 grams of hookah tobacco, the hookah smoker is exposed to several-fold greater quantities of the addictive stimu- lant nicotine for up to 45 to 60 minutes. That is equivalent to chain-smoking 15 cigarettes.15 A cross sectional study on hookah smokers from 112 restaurants and cafes in Aleppo, Syria, reported that 96% of weekly hookah smokers and 50% of daily hookah smokers did not smoke 75A-22