2014-069 - Final Environmental Impact Report No. 2014-01

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HARBOR BLVD. MIXED USE TRANSIT CORRIDOR PLAN FINAL FIR CITY OF SANTA ANA 5. Environmental Analysis CULTURAL RESOURCES Tongva (Gabnehno) Culture The Tongva (Gabrielino) have overlapping ethnographic boundaries with the Juaneno to the south and Chumash to the north, but they inhabited the entire Los Angeles basin including most of Orange County. The name "Gabrichno" is Spanish in origin and was used in reference to the Native Americans associated with the Mission San Gabriel. It is unknown what these people called themselves before the Spanish arrived, but today they call themselves "Tongva," meaning "people of the earth." Villages consisted of 50 to 100 people. Each community included one or more extended families or lineal kinship groups (clans). Each village was united under the leadership of a chief who inherited the position from his father. The chief was the leader of the religious and secular life of the community. Shamans were also important as doctors, therapists, philosophers, and intellectuals. Like the Juaneno, the Gabrielino tribe used local plants and animals and coastal resources. Rabbit and deer were hunted, and acorns, buckwheat, chia, berries, fruits, and many other plants were collected. Artifacts associated with their villages include a wide array of chipped stone tools, including knives and projectile points, wooden tools like digging sticks and bows, and ground stone tools like bedrock and portable mortars and pestles. Local plants were used to build shelters as well as for medicines. Acjachemen (Juaneno) Culture The Juaneno territory was bounded by Aliso Creek, the Santa Ana Mountains, San Onofre Creek and the coastline. Archaeologists and linguists believe the Juaneno were a subdivision of the Luiseno because the Juaneno spoke a dialect of Luiseno at European contact. The Juaneno were organized into villages of 50 to 150 people headed by a hereditary chief and generally located near permanent water sources. Each village used a specific territory and included satellite locations used for seasonal food gathering. Families and groups lived seasonally in temporary camps set up to use specific resources such as groves of oak trees, abundant game, or source rocks for stone tools. A formal tribal government was established in the 1980s. The Juaneno Band members are part of the Acjachemen Nation. Historic Land Uses The historic topographic maps described below were obtained from the US Geological Survey's website (USGS 2013). The southern and northern portions of the project area are shown on the Newport Beach and Anaheim quadrangles, respectively; the border between the two quadrangles is between 5th Street and Hazard Avenue. • 1896 Santa Ana quadrangle and 1898 Anaheim quadrangle, scale (each) 1:62,500 (0.98 mile per inch): Approximately 15 structures are scattered in and near the project area. One north south roadway and several cast t west roadways are shown. I The southern put of the site is shown on the Santa Ana quadrangle in 1896; the northern pact of the site is sho vn on the Garden Grove quadrangle in 1935). Page 5.34 PlaceWorkr