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Both the Lathan and Keith courts recognized that if the plaintiffs were to obtain any effective relief, their displacement must be halted pending submission of satisfactory relocation assurances. The Lath~ opinion considered and rejected the ordinary standard for injunctive relief, which would have required the plaintiffs to demonstrate that "the balance of irreparable harm" favored issuance of an injunction. Instead, L~tha~ seems to imply that "the balance of irreparable harm" standard does not apply to highway relocation law- suits. However, even if this opinion is not read as introducing some new standard for injunctive relief, it does indicate that "the balance of irreparable harm" readily tips in favor of those facing imminent displacement. By taking action when it still could be effective, the Lath~ and Keith decisions have avoided the pitfalls of Triangle and Clark$~lle. These courts have helped to implement the congressional requirements of the relocation acts, and to insure that relocation is indeed "satisfactory." V. An Overview The failure of the federal highway program to account for all the economic and social costs of highway construction has contributed significantly to the problems of urban decay and urban-suburban economic polarization in America. Without the substantial modifications of FHWA administrative procedures and judicial enforcement proposed in this Note, construction of new highways will continue to impose large external costs on urban housing markets and particularly on iow-income submarkets. Implicit in the discussion of the '~arket" effects of relocation is the recognition that highway relocation cannot be treated in isolation from national housing priorities. As the National Commission on Urban Problems suggested, "Relocation should be seen essentially not as a ground clearing operation, but as a direct and integral step in the march toward the national housing goal . " With the construction of one-for-one replacement housing, the federal highway program can join in the effort to ensure a suitable living environment for all Americans. The congressional mandate to protect those in the path of highway "progress" requires no less.