75A - PH - ORDINANCE REGULATING ALCOHOL SALE

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STUDIES REFERENCE Extent of the Alcohol-Violence Association Based on published studies, Roizen (3) summarized the percentages of violent offenders who were drinking at the time of the offense as follows: up to 86 percent of homicide offenders, 37 percent of assault offenders, 60 percent of sexual offenders, up to 57 percent of men and 27 percent of women involved in marital violence, and 13 percent of child abusers. These figures are the upper limits of a wide range of estimates. In a community- based study, Pernanen (4) found that 42 percent of violent crimes reported to the police involved alcohol, although 51 percent of the victims interviewed believed that their assailants had been drinking. (3)Roizen, J. Epidemiological issues in alcohol-related violence. In: Galanter, M., ed. Recent Developments in Alcoholism. Vol. 13. New York: Plenum Press, 1997. pp. 7-40. (4)Pernanen, K. Alcohol in Human Violence. New York: Guilford Press, 1991 2. Almost four in 10 violent crimes involve alcohol, according to the crime victim, as do four in 10 fatal motor vehicle accidents. And about four in 10 criminal offenders report that they were using alcohol at the time of their offense. Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice, 1998. 3. In 2005, there were 5.2 million victims of violence, 27% of which perceived the use of alcohol or drugs by their attacker. Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice, 2005. 4. Alcohol availability is closely related to violent assaults. Communities and neighborhoods that have more bars and liquor stores per capita experience more assaults. "The risk of assaultive violence and alcohol availability in Los Angeles County," American Journal of Public Health, 1995. 5. Alcohol and violence seem to find each other, but is there a stronger likelihood of violent crime depending on where alcohol is sold? In the residential areas of Minneapolis, the answer is yes, according to School of Public Health researchers. Traci L. Toomey, Ph.D., a professor in the School of Public Health's Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, has found residential neighborhoods in Minneapolis with higher densities of establishments that sell alcohol are more likely to have higher rates of violent crimes. Of the neighborhoods in question, those with more on-premise outlets such as bars and restaurants are more likely to see violent crimes than the neighborhoods with off-premise outlets such as liquor stores. Toomey's study, "The Association Between Density of Alcohol Establishments and Violent Crime Within Urban Neighborhoods," is currently available at Early View and will be published in the August 2012 issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research. "There are numerous studies that show an area with more alcohol establishments is likely to have a higher rate of violent crime," Toomey said. "But many of these studies do not differentiate between the type of establishments or the type of crimes." EXHIBIT C Page 1 of 2 75A-16