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dr- , <br />In this study, Toomey and her colleagues assessed whether the density of alcohol establishments <br />impacted four categories of violent crime: <br />• Assault <br />• Rape <br />• Robbery <br />• Total violent crime <br />The researchers studied whether or not the effects of a higher density of alcohol establishments <br />varied by the type of violent crime and by on-premise establishments versus off-premise <br />establishments. <br />According to Toomey, results of this study, combined with earlier findings, provide more evidence <br />that community leaders should be cautious about increasing the density of alcohol establishments <br />within their neighborhoods. <br />Abstract <br />BACKGROUND: <br />Numerous studies have found that areas with higher alcohol establishment density are more likely to <br />have higher violent crime rates, but many of these studies did not assess the differential effects of <br />type of establishments or the effects on multiple categories of crime. In this study, we assess <br />whether alcohol establishment density is associated with 4 categories of violent crime and whether <br />the strength of the associations varies by type of violent crime and by on-premise establishments <br />(e.g., bars, restaurants) versus off-premise establishments (e.g., liquor and convenience stores). <br />METHODS: <br />Data come from the city of Minneapolis, Minnesota in 2009 and were aggregated and analyzed at <br />the neighborhood level. Across the 83 neighborhoods in Minneapolis, we examined 4 categories of <br />violent crime: assault, rape, robbery, and total violent crime. We used a Bayesian hierarchical <br />inference approach to model the data, accounting for spatial auto-correlation and controlling for <br />relevant neighborhood demographics. Models were estimated for total alcohol establishment density <br />as well as separately for on-premise establishments and off-premise establishments. <br />RESULTS: <br />Positive, statistically significant associations were observed for total alcohol establishment density <br />and each of the violent crime outcomes. We estimate that a 3.9 to 4.3% increase across crime <br />categories would result from a 20% increase in neighborhood establishment density. The <br />associations between on-premise density and each of the individual violent crime outcomes were <br />also all positive and significant and similar in strength as for total establishment density. The <br />relationships between off-premise density and the crime outcomes were all positive but not <br />significant for rape or total violent crime, and the strength of the associations was weaker than those <br />for total and on-premise density. <br />CONCLUSIONS: <br />Results of this study, combined with earlier findings, provide more evidence that community leaders <br />should be cautious about increasing the density of alcohol establishments within their <br />neighborhoods. <br />Copyright © 2012 by the Research Society on Alcoholism <br />EXHIBIT C <br />Page 2 of 2 <br />75A-17