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opportunities through education and training. Because much of traditional <br />manufacturing requires skill and experience, there is a ladder up even for semi- and <br />non - skilled workers willing to learn. There is hardly a field in which OJT matters more. <br />What is true of traditional manufacturing is even more important in understanding the <br />needs of advanced manufacturing, where education, training, and certification at entry <br />count more heavily, and where advancement on the job is quicker and steeper. <br />Advanced manufacturing also may require subject mastery in an emerging technology <br />and /or engineering training. And advanced manufacturing jobs pay well. <br />The WIB already has representatives from manufacturing companies and labor. It has <br />hosted regular manufacturers' roundtables, and is seeking new members from the <br />manufacturing sector. It is well positioned to understand and to develop the kinds of <br />certification programs needed. Santa Ana is addressing the training issues through a <br />broad educational collaboration described below, overseen by the WIB. <br />• The healthcare and associated social services cluster is a large and a fast growing <br />group of associated industries in northern Orange County with a strong Santa Ana labor <br />and growing business component. It is primarily a service area and therefore has <br />different training and career pathway characteristics than manufacturing. <br />It is expected that The Affordable Care Act will increase the need for nursing homes and <br />transitional facilities in the City as well as hospitals in the area surrounding it. Entry into <br />this labor market can be relatively low - skilled (eg. orderlies), or require education and <br />certifications (eg. nursing assistants, laboratory technicians, etc.). Advancement <br />typically is through on- the -job training, further education and certification, and <br />experience. Although the barriers to entry for related social services can be low, the <br />elements of the career pathway are similar. <br />Santa Ana already is engaged in the support of training in the health care and social <br />services area. Regional training opportunities also abound through formal training. This <br />cluster is represented well on the WIB, so trends can be monitored and career learning <br />programs adjusted to fit. <br />• Hospitality. Similar to the health care /social services cluster, hospitality is service based <br />in all of its constituent elements (hotels, restaurants, entertainment, etc.). It features <br />the lowest barriers to entry for new workers, but traditionally also has experienced the <br />lowest ceilings and most difficult paths to career enhancement. This is good news for <br />some elements of the labor force that must connect immediately, but not necessarily <br />for those looking for a career ladder. It simply cannot be ignored because of its size. <br />Nor are career ladder opportunities potentially absent. Santa Ana is addressing the <br />career pathway issue through training in culinary and other arts that are both skilled, <br />and can lead to career advancement. initial training for the culinary arts can be formal <br />or informal and on- the -job. At the K -12 level, but more importantly at the post- <br />secondary and out -of- school /private levels the culinary arts are becoming an important <br />feature of Santa Ana job training. The same is true for a number of other related fields. <br />Programs for them are analyzed below. <br />37 <br />19F -44 <br />