25C - AGMT - OCWD CENTENNIAL PARK

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Section 5 during this time period that mortar and pestle use intensified dramatically. The mano and rnetate continued to be in use on a reduced scale, but the greatly intensified use of the imortar and pestle signaled a shift away from a subsistence strategy based on seed resources to that of the acorn. It is probably during, this time period that the acorn became the food staple of the majority of the indigenous tribes in Southern California. This subsistence strategy continued until European contact, Material culture became more diverse and elaborates and included steatite containers, perforated stones, bone tools, ornamental items, and asphalt adhesive. Horizon IV: Late Prehistoric Cultures (750 CE to 1769 CE) During the Late Prehistoric Period, exploitation of many food resources, particularly marine resources among coastal groups, continued to intensify. The material culture in the Late Prehistoric Horizon increased in complexity in terms of the abundance and diversity of artifacts being produced. The recovery and identification of a number of small projectile points during this period likely suggests a greater utilization of the bow and arrow, which was likely introduced near the end of the Intermediate Period. Shell beads, ornaments, and other elements of material culture continue to be ornate, varied, and widely distributed; the latter evidence suggests elaborate trade networks. Western Riverside County, Orange County, and the Los Angeles Basin area were considered part of the"Shoshonean" tradition, which could be related to a possible incursion of Takic speakers into these areas during this period. The Late Prehistoric Period includes the first few centuries of early European contact (1542-1769 CE); it is also known as the Protohistoric Period as there was a low level of interaction between native Californians and Europeans prior to Porto4s overland expedition in 1769. In the few centuries prior to European contact, the archaeological record reveals substantial increases in the indigenous population. Some village sites could have contained as many as 1,500 individuals. Apparently, many of these village sites were occupied throughout the year rather than seasonally. This shift in settlement strategy was likely influenced by improved food procurement and storage technology, which enabled population growth and could have helped stimulate changes in sociopolitical organization. Ethnographic Background At the time of Spanish contact the project area was believed to have been inhabited by the Gabrielino near the eastern extent of their ethnographic territory. The name "Gabrielino" identifies those people who came under the control of Mission San Gabriel Arcbngel and included the inhabitants of most of current-day Los Angeles and Orange Counties and portions of Riverside and San Bernardino Counties. Today, many Gabrielinc, prefer to be known as Jongva. According to tr Mid Basin Centennial Park tq&nfg6Project Final EIR 5-64