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TERMINOLOGY <br />BRANCH COLLAR <br />Wood tissue ridges that form around the base of a branch between the <br />main stem and the branch usually as a branch begins to die and the <br />branch collar begins to increase in size. <br />CALLUS <br />New growth made by the cambium layer around all of a wound. <br />CAMBIUM LAYER <br />Growing point between the bark and sapwood. <br />CLOSURE <br />Refers to the roll of the callus growth around the wound area. <br />THE CUT <br />The exposed wood area that remains after the branch has been <br />removed. <br />CUT BACK/PHONE BACK <br />Specified reduction of the overall size of the tree or individual branches, <br />but may include the overall reduction of the sides as well as the top of <br />the tree. <br />DORMANT <br />A condition of non -active growth Deciduous trees is considered to be <br />dormant from the time the leaves fall until new foliage begins to appear. <br />GIRDLING ROOTS <br />Located above or below ground level, whose circular growth around the <br />base of the trunk or over the individual roots applies pressure to the bard <br />area, thereby choking or restricting the flow of sap. <br />LIFTING <br />The removal of lower branches for under clearance. <br />PARENT STEM <br />The main trunk system of the tree. <br />PRECUT OR PRECUTTING <br />The removal of the branch at least beyond the finished cut <br />to prevent it from splitting into the parent stem or branch. <br />PRUNING/TRIMMING <br />The removal of dead, dying, diseased live interfering, objectionable and <br />weak branches in a scientific manner. <br />SAP FLOW <br />The definite course assumed by sap in its movement through a tree. <br />SCARS OR INJURIES <br />Natural or man-made lesions of the bark in which wood is exposed. <br />SUCKERS <br />Abnormal growth of small branches usually not following the general <br />pattern of the tree. <br />THINNING OUT <br />The removal of live branches to reduce wind resistance and to create <br />more space. <br />TOPPING <br />Means the same as cut back. <br />TRACING <br />Careful cutting of the bark along the lines of sap flow to encourage <br />closure and to be the outline of the wound area. <br />TRIMMING <br />The same as pruning/trimming. <br />